Silicates And Carbonates
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The document discusses two major mineral groups: silicates and carbonates. Silicates are the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust and are formed from the combination of silicon and oxygen atoms into tetrahedrons. Silicate minerals crystallize from cooling magma and their structure and properties depend on the temperature and pressure conditions of formation. Carbonates are the second most common mineral group and contain carbon, oxygen, and metallic elements like calcium in minerals such as calcite and dolomite.
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Mineralogy
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solid substances with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. There are over 4,900 known mineral species, with silicate minerals making up over 90% of the Earth's crust. Minerals form through crystallization as ions come together and atoms arrange themselves in an ordered pattern. They can crystallize from magma or other melts as they cool, or form through precipitation from fluids. The scientific study of minerals is called mineralogy, which examines their chemistry, crystal structure, physical properties, origins, classification, and distribution. Key physical properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
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Minerals form in two main ways - some cool from magma underground or lava above ground, while others form through evaporation of mineral-rich waters. Minerals have distinct properties that can be used to identify them, such as their crystal structure, cleavage/fracture patterns, color streak, luster, and hardness. Over 4,000 minerals have been identified that make up the building blocks of rocks.
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9th Grade Chapter 9 Lesson 1
Minerals are inorganic crystalline substances that are found naturally in the Earth. Mineralogy is the study of minerals, which are the building blocks of soil and vital to industry. Minerals are not mixtures but rather elements or compounds with a definite chemical structure. The most common elements in minerals are oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. There are different types of minerals including native elements, halides, sulfides, oxides, carbonates, and silicates. Minerals form crystals with geometric patterns that can be used to identify different minerals based on properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and acid testing. Valuable minerals can be mined for uses like metals, concrete, jewelry, and works of
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Granite is an igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, mica, and usually hornblende. These minerals slowly crystallized as magma cooled below Earth's surface. Rocks are made up of minerals, which are natural solids composed of elements like oxygen and silicon bonded together. The character of a rock depends on the atomic structures and bonding of its minerals. Atoms are the basic building blocks of elements and can bond through ionic or covalent bonds to form minerals, rocks, and the continuous rock cycle.
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A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
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Naturally occurring
Inorganic
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Crystalline structure
Solid
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Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. They have many important economic uses in construction, technology, and everyday products.
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The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
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9th Grade Chapter 9 Lesson 1
Minerals are inorganic crystalline substances that are found naturally in the Earth. Mineralogy is the study of minerals, which are the building blocks of soil and vital to industry. Minerals are not mixtures but rather elements or compounds with a definite chemical structure. The most common elements in minerals are oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. There are different types of minerals including native elements, halides, sulfides, oxides, carbonates, and silicates. Minerals form crystals with geometric patterns that can be used to identify different minerals based on properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and acid testing. Valuable minerals can be mined for uses like metals, concrete, jewelry, and works of
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Minerals are solid, natural substances formed from non-living materials and consist of one or more elements. Minerals have properties like streak, hardness, and luster that can help identify them. Rocks are groups of minerals and are classified based on how they are formed - sedimentary rocks form from compressed layers, igneous rocks form from cooled lava, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure.
Physical properties of crystals minerals
This document summarizes important physical properties of crystals and minerals. It defines a crystal as a solid bounded by geometrical surfaces, and notes that most minerals occur as crystals or crystalline aggregates. The document then discusses several key physical properties used to identify minerals, including crystal form, luster, color, streak, density, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and special properties like magnetism or double refraction. It explains how these properties reflect the atomic structure and bonding within crystals. In conclusion, the document states that physical properties allow minerals to be classified into different groups based on their internal atomic arrangements and impurities.
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The document discusses mineralogy and provides information on different types of minerals. It defines mineralogy as the scientific study of minerals and their properties. Minerals are classified as rock-forming minerals or economic minerals. Common rock-forming minerals mentioned include quartz, feldspar, and flint. Economic minerals are those extracted for use, such as pyrite, hematite, and galena. The document also describes different methods for studying minerals, including examining their physical properties, chemical composition, optical properties, and x-ray crystal structure. Key physical properties used to identify minerals are discussed, such as color, lustre, hardness, cleavage, and fracture characteristics. Examples of physical property descriptions are provided for quartz, felds
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Granite is an igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, mica, and usually hornblende. These minerals slowly crystallized as magma cooled below Earth's surface. Rocks are made up of minerals, which are natural solids composed of elements like oxygen and silicon bonded together. The character of a rock depends on the atomic structures and bonding of its minerals. Atoms are the basic building blocks of elements and can bond through ionic or covalent bonds to form minerals, rocks, and the continuous rock cycle.
Minerals
Rocks and Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solids with definite chemical compositions and physical properties. Scientists have discovered over 2,400 minerals in the world, with around 12 minerals making up 90% of all rocks. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties such as color, luster, hardness, cleavage or fracture pattern, crystal formation, streak, and specific gravity.
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Minerals have four defining characteristics - they are naturally occurring, inorganic, have a definite chemical composition, and have an orderly internal atomic structure. Most minerals form as crystals, either from cooling magma underground or precipitating from solution. Mineral groups are classified based on their chemical composition, with silicates being the most common as they contain silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in Earth's crust. Several physical properties can be used to identify minerals, including hardness, specific gravity, luster, streak, cleavage, and unique optical or magnetic qualities.
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that make up rocks. Rocks can be classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on how they are formed. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma either below or above the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, causing them to recrystallize without melting. Minerals can be identified based on properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, fracture, crystal form, specific gravity, and others.
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The document discusses the characteristics used to identify minerals. The five key characteristics are: 1) A mineral occurs naturally, has a definite chemical composition and atoms arranged in an orderly pattern. 2) The four most common minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica and calcite, with feldspar making up over 60% of the Earth's crust. 3) Additional characteristics like luster, streak, cleavage, hardness and crystal shape are used to distinguish between minerals that have similar properties. Color alone is not very useful for identifying minerals.
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The document provides information about minerals, including their classification and identification. It defines what qualifies something as a mineral and lists the five criteria. Key points include: minerals have distinct chemical compositions and physical structures; they are classified based on their chemical makeup and crystal structure; silicate minerals are the most common and are made of silica tetrahedrons; physical properties like habit, luster, cleavage, hardness, color, and streak are used to identify unknown minerals. Mafic and felsic silicates are contrasted and different silicate mineral structures are described. Common non-silicate minerals are also named.
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The document discusses different types of lava, volcanoes, and igneous rocks. There are three main factors that determine lava speed: temperature, composition, and gas content. Lava can flow as slow as 10 meters per hour or as fast as 30,000 meters per hour. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes which form islands from low viscosity lava flows, composite cone volcanoes which build up from alternating lava and explosive eruptions, and cinder cone volcanoes which form from a single eruption. Igneous rocks form from the crystallization of molten rock and are classified by their texture, minerals, and cooling conditions, with examples being basalt, granite, and obsidian.
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This document provides an overview of the physical properties of minerals. It begins with an introduction defining minerals and dividing them into rock-forming and ore-forming categories. The main section then discusses 13 physical properties of minerals including color, streak, lustre, hardness, habit, cleavage, fracture, feel, tenacity, magnetism, fluorescence, specific gravity and form. Each property is explained and examples are provided. The document concludes with comparison tables showing properties of common minerals like pyrite, hematite, magnetite and bauxite.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. They form through geological processes such as cooling of magma or crystallization of dissolved materials. Minerals are identified based on properties like color, crystal structure, hardness, and density. They have many important economic uses in construction, technology, and everyday products.
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The document provides an overview of minerals and their properties. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystal structures. It then covers various mineral groups including silicates, which are the most abundant mineral group composed of silica tetrahedra bonded together. Physical properties of minerals like crystal form, cleavage, luster, and hardness are also summarized as they are used to identify different minerals.
Minerals
The document discusses minerals, their properties, and how they are classified. It defines minerals as naturally occurring solid substances with a crystal structure. All minerals share common characteristics - they form through natural processes, are not living, have a definite shape and volume, and are made of elements or compounds arranged in repeating crystal patterns. Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the most abundant group being silicates like quartz and mica. Physical properties like color, luster, hardness, cleavage/fracture, and specific gravity can be used to identify different minerals.
Minerals
This document discusses the properties of minerals. It begins by defining a mineral as a naturally occurring solid substance that has a specific chemical composition and formula. It then outlines that minerals have physical, optical, and chemical properties. The document focuses on various physical properties of minerals such as hardness, luster, specific gravity, color, fracture, tenacity, streak, and cleavage. It provides details on how hardness and color are determined for minerals and explanations of streak and luster. The document also briefly mentions cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, and tenacity. It concludes by noting that minerals can be examined using light to study optical properties like refraction, dispersion, and birefringence.
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The universe began with a huge explosion known as the Big Bang. Gas clouds formed as atoms were drawn together by gravity, and inside these clouds, extremely hot spheres of gas known as stars formed. Nuclear fusion in stars produced heavier elements that were ejected when the stars died. The Earth formed from accumulating dust and debris. It has three main layers - an iron core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust. Rocks on Earth include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types that are continuously recycled through the rock cycle.
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Clays and minerals used in ceramics originate from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks formed deep within the Earth over millions of years. As magma cools, different minerals crystallize at different temperatures, forming the light or dark silicates found in rocks. Over time, erosion exposes these rocks at the surface and deposits new sediments. Many important ceramic materials, like kaolin, ball clays, feldspar and fireclay were formed during specific geological periods and deposited in certain regions. Understanding the geological origins of these materials helps potters select and substitute appropriate clays and minerals in their work.
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Silicates are minerals composed of silicon and oxygen that make up approximately 90% of the Earth's crust. They exist as silicate minerals and aluminosilicate clays in the crust. Silicates can be classified based on their crystal structure as orthosilicates containing single SiO4 tetrahedra, pyrosilicates with linked pairs of tetrahedra, ring silicates containing silica rings, chain silicates with linked tetrahedral chains, sheet silicates with shared oxygen atoms between sheets, and framework silicates with a three-dimensional networked structure. Important aluminosilicates include micas, clays, zeolites, and many common rock-forming minerals.
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The Earth is composed of four main layers - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and makes up 1% of the Earth. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is the largest layer and makes up 84% of the Earth's volume. The mantle is divided into the upper and lower mantle. Below the mantle is the outer core, which is liquid and composed of iron. The inner core is solid and the hottest part of Earth.
G 7 geo ch-2 inside our earth full chapter week-2
The document provides information about rocks and the interior of the Earth. It discusses three key topics:
1) The interior of the Earth is composed of layers, including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is made up of two types - continental and oceanic.
2) There are three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to other rock types.
3) Rocks undergo the rock cycle as they are broken down, transformed by heat and pressure, and form new types of rocks
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This document provides an overview of minerals, their composition and structure. It discusses that minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and ordered internal structures. It describes the basic building blocks of minerals including elements, atoms, and different types of chemical bonding. It also summarizes the different physical properties used to identify minerals such as crystal form, luster, color, cleavage, fracture and hardness. Finally, it outlines some of the major mineral groups found in Earth's crust including silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides and others.
Ceramic materials
This document provides an overview of ceramic materials. It defines ceramics as nonmetallic inorganic solids made through processes like shaping, drying, and firing. Ceramics exhibit properties like brittleness at room temperature due to their ionic and covalent bonding, but some can deform at high temperatures. The document discusses how ceramics are classified and notes exceptions to general rules due to their wide range of properties and applications in different fields.
EASC 116 Ch. 2 Minerals
Minerals are the basic building blocks of rocks. There are over 4,000 identified minerals that meet the five criteria of being solid, naturally occurring, inorganic, having a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure. The two main mineral groups are silicates, which make up 90% of minerals, and nonsilicates. Silicate minerals have unique silica tetrahedron structures that determine their cleavage patterns. Common rock types form from the crystallization of magma, weathering at the surface, or mountain building processes. Economic mineral deposits, or ores, must have sufficient concentration above average crustal levels and economic factors like demand to be profitably mined.
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The document discusses the two main groups of minerals: silicate minerals and nonsilicate minerals. Silicate minerals make up over 90% of the Earth's crust and contain silicon and oxygen atoms. Nonsilicate minerals, which comprise 8% of the crust, do not contain silicon and oxygen and include economically important resources such as metals, gems, and precious metals. Both silicate and nonsilicate minerals form through geological processes of cooling molten rock.
Metals at a glance
Metals are an important class of elements that play an important part in our daily lives and the advancement of contemporary civilisation. Metals have been used by humans for millennia because of their extraordinary qualities like as strong electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and lustre. Metals have continually changed our environment and continue to be vital in numerous industries, from the earliest tools and weapons made during the Bronze Age to high-tech gadgets and towering skyscrapers of today. We will go deeper into the significance, types, qualities, applications, and future possibilities of metals in this presentation, as well as their long-term impact on our society and environment. Our adventure begins in the distant past, when early people discovered the transformational power of metals. Our forefathers discovered the secrets of metallurgy millennia ago, in the crucible of discovery. They recognised that heating certain rocks produced compounds with qualities unlike anything found in nature. The Bronze Age, typified by the fusing of copper and tin, was a watershed point in human history. It was the advent of metals as tools and weapons, ushering in an era of progress that would permanently alter the course of society.
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Silicates And Carbonates
The document discusses two major mineral groups: silicates and carbonates. Silicates are the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust and are formed from the combination of silicon and oxygen atoms into tetrahedrons. Silicate minerals crystallize from cooling magma and their structure and composition provide clues about formation conditions. Carbonates are the second most common mineral group and contain carbon, oxygen, and metallic elements like calcium and magnesium. They are found in rocks like limestone and marble.
Earths Moon
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Moon Motions and Eclipses
The document summarizes the motions and phases of the Earth-Moon system. It explains that the moon orbits Earth over the course of about a month in an elliptical orbit, appearing larger when closer (perigee) and smaller when farther (apogee). The changing positions result in the phases of the moon as the illuminated side facing Earth waxes and wanes over the lunar cycle. Eclipses occur when the sun, Earth, and moon align, causing the moon to block the sun during a solar eclipse or Earth to block the sun's light during a lunar eclipse.
The Birth of Modern Astronomy
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a model of the solar system with the Sun at the center, replacing the Earth-centered model. Johannes Kepler discovered that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses rather than perfect circles, with the Sun located at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo Galilei made important astronomical observations using his telescope that supported Copernicus' sun-centered model of the universe and showed that planets were not points of light but had surfaces like the Moon. Sir Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation, explaining that gravity causes planets to follow elliptical orbits around the Sun.
Measuring Volume
The document discusses measuring volume in physical science. It defines volume as the amount of space an object occupies. It explains that volume can be determined by multiplying length, width, and height for regularly shaped solids, or by using the displacement method of submerging irregularly shaped objects in water. The displacement method was discovered by Archimedes and involves determining the volume of an object based on the amount of water it displaces.
Metric System
This document introduces matter and the metric system. It defines matter as anything that has mass and volume. The key properties of matter are then discussed as mass, weight, volume, and density. The metric system is introduced as being based on powers of 10 for consistent measurement units. The basic metric units of the meter, liter, and gram are covered along with common metric prefixes and their meaning in terms of powers of 10 when placed before a base unit.
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Silicates And Carbonates
- 1. Mineral Groups ‐ Silicates and Carbonates Earth Science – 2nd Semester
- 2. • Minerals can be classified into groups based on their composi;on.
- 3. Silicates • The two most abundant minerals in earth’s con6nental crust are silicon and oxygen. • These two elements combine to form a new structure called the silicon –oxygen tetrahedron.
- 4. • The tetrahedron consists of one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms. • It provides the framework for every silicate mineral,
- 5. Ex. Quartz.
- 6. • The internal structure of the atoms will affect the proper6es of the atom. • Example: Olivine – very hard mineral, made from millions of tetrahedron bonded together.
- 8. • Quartz – Formed by three‐dimensional networks of tetrahedron
- 9. • Silicate minerals crystallize from magma as it cools. • The type of mineral that forms is a result of the pressure and temperature of the environment of forma;on.
- 10. • Example: Olivine will crystallize at temperatures of about 1200 °C, under great pressure below the surface. • Quartz will crystallize at 700 °C close to the surface.
- 11. • Silicate minerals such as clay minerals can form at the surface when exposed to the elements and broken down, a process known as weathering.
- 12. • Some silicate minerals only form from the pressure caused by tectonic plates grinding together to build mountains.
- 13. • Geologists oSen use silicate minerals as evidence to tell them under what condi;ons the mineral formed under. • This in turn can help geologists to determine how the planet looked millions of years ago.
- 14. Carbonates • Second most common mineral group. • These are minerals that contain the elements carbon, oxygen, and one or more metallic elements.
- 15. • Ex. calcite • Dolomite – magnesium and calcium
- 16. • These minerals are found in the rocks limestone and marble, which are used heavily in construc;on and building.